January 11, 2013irt. [b]Theseus[/b]:
I think you give Kaku too much, and too little, credit all at once.
For my money he's not explaining things at all clearly; not because he's not smart or doesn't know them (he is, and he does), but because there seems to be something about TV pop-sci that makes it superficial and doomed to be light fluff, if not worse.
He's also very happy to step out of experimentally proven physics, and often without seeming to care much that he does so. A lot of the supposedly 'cool' and 'meaningful' stuff in physics is too grand for current experiments, which creates an annoying to me focus on wild ideas that seem put only for their own sake, without flagging them as flights of fancy.
OTOH, I'm quite sure he, and all that generation of physicists, spent the 60s proper baked, like everyone else.
And finally, I think you don't give enough credit to the 'mechanistic' world-view. Flights of fancy are quite possible here too, and I'll now indulge in one. This is difficult to explain in a forum post, and in fairness the crucial step is my own crazy leap of faith, but it would go like this-
Way back, we thought everything was alive. Everything had guiding spirits, because we (thought we) understood ourselves, so we tried to understand the world by projecting ourselves into it.
It turned out though that at least a big chunk of the world behaves in fairly ... predictable ways. Even when things are strange, chaotic and even apparently random, one can discern some underlying mechanisms causing that behavior. So far, I think, nothing too controversial.
It's also not controversial, at least as far as most scientists are concerned, that the same methods of understanding/describing the world are applicable, and may well be successful, at tackling that puzzle that is the human mind. To quote Daniel Dennett, "we have a soul; it is made of tiny robots".
The question, of course, is what kind of aggregation principle is necessary to construct a mind (or soul, or spirit, if you prefer) from smaller parts. My leap of faith comes in believing that those aggregation principles are a bit more common that we give them credit for. A consequence of that is, if it were true, it would make sense to describe various sufficiently complex dynamical phenomena as if they had a mind.
For example, nations. I'm tempted to take the "[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_politic]body politic[/url]" metaphor as quite literal. For example, history, with its almost lifelike (if you squint a bit and are crazy) currents. And I am sure you are already familiar with the [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis]Gaia hypothesis[/url]- an analogy between the self-regulating mechanisms inside a living organism, and those of the Earth's ecosphere as a whole.
I must again stress, this is an idea I entertain but label as crazy. I'm not the only one, of course, and I'd recommend Douglas Hofstadter's "[url=http://www.amazon.com/G%C3%B6del-Escher-Bach-Eternal-Golden/dp/0465026567/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1357906491&sr=8-1&keywords=goedel+escher+bach]Goedel, Escher, Bach[/url]" as a presentation of similar lines of thought.
The strength of the 'mechanistic' view you so decry is that it would allow one to place such questions in a format that surpasses human intuition and imagination: Mathematics. Following the necessary implications of a model can take you to weird places indeed. It also can indicate, unambiguously, when a model would no longer be supported by other available evidence.
There is already a strong trend in cognitive science to apply dynamic system theory to neural networks, in particular the brain. I think the time will soon be ripe to apply things in reverse, from a [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind]theory of mind[/url] (understood as a model of intentions, fears etc of others; we all use such a thing to navigate society) to the underlying dynamic structure needed to support it. We use 'theories of mind' to make sense of each other, because they are highly compact ways to explain the world, when applicable.
So yeah, whatever. A third and final time I must stress that the above is speculation, not even conjecture. But, the real point is, one can dream strange powered by math, and math has the added bonus to not care about your dream. If it's wrong, it will wake you up eventually.
TL;DR:
Math. Not even once.
The whole point of this is lost if you keep it a secret.